br Methodology Recent research outlines

Methodology Recent research outlines how soundscape can have an improved effect at the local level (Tjeerd et al., 2013) and how urban planners can design for health and pleasant experiences. The effect of audiovisual components merged with street urban sounds was recently examined by Jeon et al. (2013a). An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of water features and vegetation on preferences and environmental qualities. The effect was evaluated using a numerical scale and 12 pairs of adjectives. The experiment showed that liothyronine sodium cost bird sound was the most preferred among the natural sounds, whereas the sound of water features was found to degrade the soundscape quality. A soundwalk procedure (Jeon et al., 2013a, 2013b) was conducted on a group of 30 [15 architects and 15 acousticians] participants. Results revealed that soundscape perceptions and preference were dominated by openness, visual images, and acoustic comfort. Soundscape research started early. In 1930, the Noise Abatement Commission of New York made clear that the soundscape of the city is no longer dominated by sounds of animals and humans but by noise from new modern technology sources (Brown et al. (1930)). Edward Brown et al. conducted a noise survey in 1930. This survey was distributed via the metropolitan newspaper. Responses submitted by readers confirmed that the vast majority of noises that plagued New Yorkers were caused by modern technological inventions. The survey results are shown in Figure 2. Edward Brown et al. (1930) categorized city noise sources according to the presence and location of the noise source, as well as activity performed. Thus, the categories came in the form of traffic, transportation, building operation, homes, streets, harbor and river, collection and deliveries, as well as miscellaneous sources. In 1930, Brown presented in his work a pictorial presentation of noise sources, as shown in Figure 3. In 1977, Murray Schafer (1994) introduced a card catalog of noise sources presented through a framework in which information was gathered about past soundscapes through ear witness accounts by some volunteers. Schafer then constructed an extended card catalog that describes the soundscape in terms of literary, anthropological, and historical aspects. This categorization is shown in Table 1. Open-ended questionnaires were used in the psycholinguistic approach developed by the French National Railways Company. Such questionnaires were developed to address subjective appreciation. Results were then based on an analysis of words and free comments made by travelers (Mzali et al., 2000). Verbal description analysis was conducted by Catherine Guastavino (2006). The work included a psycholinguistic analysis to identify semantic categories of environmental sounds and relevant sound quality criteria for urban soundscapes. The analysis of the open-ended questionnaire revealed the salience of human sounds interpreted as indicators of human activities and are therefore meaningful constituents of urban soundscapes. Thus, the questionnaire used in this study will constitute two parts: a close-ended question part and an open-ended question part.
Results
Conclusions The RAI for sources that scored negative and positive effects at barely audible intensities was analyzed at high intensities. Results revealed that for all categories of sources, a positive RAI value was given. This positive scoring reflects the high sensitivity to annoyance that the Cairo residents have, particularly in relation to other cities. This finding is in accordance with previous work conducted in this area. As regards the transfer of status from positive to negative response, a RAI value of 27% was given. Further investigations should be conducted to verify the aforementioned finding because of dependencies on questionnaire accuracy.
Introduction Throughout history, architecture has been playing a significant role in the physical and socioeconomic development of a society. Apart from its prime function of enhancing the aesthetic outlook of the environment and the functional efficiency/structural integrity of city structures, hepatitis B is used to promote the national identity and pride of the society that produces it. It reflects the strength and resilience of the culture that defines a nation as unique and innovative (Moughtin, 2000; Rapoport, 2005). But architecture is more than just a means of expressing the cultural identity of a society; it is also instrumental to the welfare, safety and efficiency of the habitat/working places of individuals living in that society. It essentially provides spiritual and emotional satisfaction for people in the society by translating their dreams into a three-dimensional structure that provides them shelter that sustains their health, safety, psychological well-being, physiological comfort and productivity (Chansomsak and Vale, 2009; Kim, 1998). The provision of this essential need has, perhaps, placed the profession in a unique position in the society.