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    • H 89 Not only the culture but also the domicile

    2018-11-07

    Not only the culture, but also the domicile and gender may influence sleep. Girls have been found to have longer sleep and they spend more time in motionless sleep [16]. To make the issue further complex, a study from Brazil showed that girls had a longer nighttime sleep on holidays but not on weekdays [17]. Another study from Japan showed that girls had a longer sleep onset latency as compared to boys [18]. Thus, it H 89 appears that gender influences some of the sleep parameters that but the results were inconsistent among studies [16–19]. Considering the facts that pre-sleep behaviors, sleep schedule and sleep practices are influenced by cultural background and gender, and in view of a dearth of studies from India, which is culturally different from not only from other countries but also between it\'s own urban and rural areas, present study was planned. Most of the studies addressing this issue included sample from the clinics, and findings of these studies are difficult to be extrapolated to non-clinical samples [8,9,4,20,21]. Moreover, we could not find any study comparing the influence of domicile on sleep patterns, despite the fact that at least in India, socio-economic disparity is high between urban and rural areas [22]. This disparity may influence the sleep parameters by having a impact on availability of electricity and screens.
    Method
    Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was done using SPSS v 21.0 (IBM Inc., USA). Descriptive statistics was calculated. Normality of data was checked based upon visual analysis of the Q-Q plot curve. Proportion was compared using chi-square statistics and, independent sample ‘t’ test was used to compare numerical variables. We compared the variable based upon two factors- first, depending upon domicile i.e., urban and rural children and secondly, between genders. Three way ANOVA was run to see the effect of gender*domicile*school type of sleep related continuous parameters.
    Results
    Discussion In the present study we found that the usual bedtime was around 10pm. Similar finding has been reported by the studies that haven included Asian children [9,28]. One of the study have reported that Caucasian children had an earlier bedtime as compared to the Asian children [28]. It has also been reported that delay in the bed time shortened the duration of nocturnal sleep and these children had felt sleepy during the day, an effect which was also observed in the present study when we compared the total sleep time and need for sleep after waking up between urban and rural children [28]. Further, this study showed that despite comparable bedtime between the weekdays and weekends, wake time was delayed by one hour in the weekends. This may be a surrogate marker for the sleep deprivation among Indian school-going children. Issue of television watching and it\'s effect on the sleep of the children has been addressed in various studies [7,2,29,5,30]. These studies have reported that television watching was associated with reduction of total time spent in sleep and that these children reported difficulty in waking up [7]. They also felt sleepy during the day and enjoyed less in the school. This difference was observed between children who watched television for at least two hours in a day [7]. Another study reported that each one hour spent in television watching reduced the duration of sleep by seven minutes [2]. Another study reported that presence of media including television in the rooms of the children had delayed the time to bed and also reduced the total sleep time [29]. Though we did not directly examine if the television watching before bedtime had delayed the bedtime, but it is possible that sleep of urban children could be influenced by television watching before the bedtime. This becomes further substantiated by the fact that urban children had difficulty in waking up and demanded more sleep after waking up. It is an important modifiable factor that affects the children\'s sleep and this deserve further exploration in Indian settings.