Reprogrammation of CD cells from LRFs towards induced

Reprogrammation of CD34+ buy rolipram from LRFs towards induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) could also be proposed and tested. Chou et al. (2011) and others cited by them succeeded in obtaining iPS cells from adult blood CD34+ cells without viral integration and showed that blood cells have numerous technical, ethical and biological advantages when compared to other cell sources. Homogeneous standardized CD34+ cell batches available from cell repositories would also be of major interest for pharmacological tests exploring the toxicity/efficiency or the cell signaling pathways of new molecules (Zuba-Surma et al., 2012). Predictive storage of unmodified CD34+ cells from SSPB should also be taken into consideration. Even if the professional risk of massive irradiation or chemical toxicity concerns a very limited number of people, the predictive storage of their autologous SSPB CD34+ cells could be helpful to treat them in case of BM destruction. Despite the fact that some articles were devoted to lymphocytes and various WBC elution from LRFs and to their experimental uses (Meyer et al., 2005; Dietz et al., 2006; Néron et al., 2006), this cell source was not extensively used by immunologists or other cell biologists. The development of cell repositories delivering specific cell samples ready-to-use, standardized and virally safe could still favor the “industrial” use of LRFs.
Concluding remarks HSC transplantations represent the best opportunity of definitive cure for patients with poor prognosis hematological malignancies. Availability of good quality grafts, which are HLA compatible (allogeneic transplants), devoid of malignant cells (autologous transplants), virally safe and containing sufficient numbers of HSCs and progenitors, remains a limiting factor for a minority of patients. Collecting CD34+ cells by BM aspiration or by blood apheresis after cytokine mobilization is costly because it requires sophisticated materials/procedures to process graft cell suspensions in cell therapy units and an important medical presence during several days to take care of the patient and/or donor. CB samples represent an interesting source of HSCs for allogeneic transplantations since they offer a large panel of HLA diversity, they are harvested without an invasive procedure and they can be easily cryopreserved for years. But the long-term storage of thousands of individual vials in specialized cell repositories (mandatory for covering the population HLA diversity) is costly and the low number of HSCs in each CB sample still limits their use in adults even if some recent reports show that the simultaneous transplantation of two CB resolved most of these problems. Using SSPB CD34+ cells could represent an alternative. Indeed the large panel of healthy blood donors (if also volunteers for entering in a file of HLA typed CD34+ cell donors) would improve the social and medical efficiency of the selection of HLA matched donors. It would reduce its financial cost by reducing the number and size of bio-banks as compared to CB. The whole process going from LRF elution to transplantation of expanded HSCs still has to be improved, standardized and developed according to GMP rules. This project is worth being realized since LRFs are a source of HSCs technically and ethically easy to obtain that will extend the clinical possibilities of hematopoietic transplantation. For similar reasons, other cell types trapped in LRFs should also be considered as alternatives to other cell sources for various biological uses.
Acknowledgments The experimental work mentioned in this brief review was financed by a grant of the French Blood Institute (APR EFS 2011) and by regular funding from the University of Bordeaux and the CNRS. Yann Peytour was the recipient of CNRS and MENRT fellowships. We are grateful to Fontanet Bijou and Hanna Sovalat for their helpful discussions and to Vladimir Petrovic, Savitha Varatharajan and Carlo Jackson for English editing of the manuscript.