Self micro emulsifying formulation systems which are

Self micro-emulsifying formulation systems which are consistent mixtures of surfactants, lipid and cosolvents/so-surfactants had gained immense popularity in solubility enhancement of poorly aqueous soluble drugs. Upon little shakeup and dilution in aqueous media such gastrointestinal fluids, these system configures globule size in the range of 5–100 nm. Self micro-emulsifying formulations/drug delivery system (SMEDDS) because of their distinctive solubilization property renders several benefits such as, imparting lipophilic drugs to the GIT in a dissolved state thus snag of dissolution step (which can border Deferoxamine cost rate of BCS Class 2 and 4 drugs), minimization of inter-subject and intra-subject changeability, decrement in effects of presence of food, alleviation of manufacturing scale up, propensity to carry peptides that are susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis in GIT etc [8,9].
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Conclusion
Introduction Nearly everybody in the world takes medication at one time or another. Most of the time the medications are favourable or at least they root no harm but on occasion they do harm the person taking them [1]. Sometimes these harms are due to errors occurred during medication use process which can be prevented. In hospitals, errors occur in every step of medication use process starting from procuring the drug to prescribing, transcribing, dispensing, administering and monitoring its effect [2]. Annually 7000 mortalities have been reported due to medication errors [3]. In India, the medication errors and medication related problems are mainly due to irrational use of medications [4,5]. Errors happen due to lack of knowledge, poor performance and psychological lapses [6]. The pharmacist has a key role along with physicians, nurses, administrators to examine and improve healthcare system in order to ensure the patient safety [7]. According to the National coordinating council for medication error reporting (NCCMERP) and prevention, a medication error is any avertable event that may root or lead to improper medication use or patient mischief while the medication is in the control of healthcare professional, patient or consumer [8]. An error is a disorder of intentional act, something incorrectly done through ignorance. Error arises when an action is anticipated but not performed [9]. Since 1992, FDA has received more than 20,000 medication error reports. Some examples are as follows. An elderly rheumatoid arthritis patient expired after receiving overdose of methotrexate, a 10 mg of daily dose of the drug rather than the anticipated 10 mg of weekly dose. Another example where a patient died because 20 units of insulin was abbreviated as 20 U and this U was misread as zero as a result patient was accidently injected 200 units of insulin [10]. About 1/3rd of the global population lack of access to essential medicines [11]. A prescription is information from a prescriber to dispenser. The most important requirement is that it should be legible and it should have basic information [12]. A multidisciplinary method to resolve the problem of medication errors are mandatory which implements no blame [13].
Materials and methods
Results A total number of 200 inpatients were enrolled in the study. Out of 200 patients, 40 patients have developed medication errors. The overall percentage of observed medication error was 20%. In the present study most of the patients were in the age group above 61 years followed by 46–60 years and the other age wise distribution of medication errors are summarized in Table 1. Male patients outnumber the female patients by having 30 (75%) errors. The gender wise distribution of medication errors are summarized in Table 2. In present study, 147 patients were prescribed with medications between 2 and 6, 30 patients were prescribed with 7–11 medications and other details are summarized in Table 3. The study reported that as the length of hospital stay increase number of medication errors increases. The number of errors reported with respect to patient’s hospital stay are summarized in Table 4.